{"id":9777,"date":"2024-04-12T10:00:17","date_gmt":"2024-04-12T10:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/?p=9777"},"modified":"2025-04-17T13:17:38","modified_gmt":"2025-04-17T13:17:38","slug":"pma-standard-reagent-for-thp1-cell-differentiation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/pma-standard-reagent-for-thp1-cell-differentiation\/","title":{"rendered":"PMA &#8211; Standard Reagent for THP1 Cell Differentiation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-186.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-186.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9778\" style=\"width:402px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-186.png 750w, https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-186-300x210.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure:<\/strong>&nbsp;THP1 cell differentiation into macrophages using PMA.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"clear\">Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also known as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or TPA, is a naturally occurring phorbol ester found in plants like croton oil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>PMA is commonly used to&nbsp;activate protein kinase C (PKC), a family of enzymes involved in various cellular processes such as&nbsp;cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis&nbsp;(programmed cell death). PMA can activate all isoforms of PKC, but it has a particularly strong affinity for PKC\u03b1, PKC\u03b5 and PKC\u03b4. PMA-activated PKC can phosphorylate a variety of target proteins, including transcription factors, signalling molecules and cytoskeletal proteins. PKC is a critical component of many signalling pathways and its activation can lead to a cascade of intracellular events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cell growth and differentiation:<\/strong>&nbsp;PMA can promote cell growth and differentiation by activating PKC. This effect is thought to be mediated by the activation of genes that promote cell growth and differentiation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Apoptosis:<\/strong>&nbsp;PMA can also induce apoptosis or programmed cell death. This effect is thought to be mediated by the activation of genes that promote apoptosis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cancer:<\/strong>&nbsp;PMA is a known tumour promoter. This means that it can increase the risk of cancer by promoting cell growth and differentiation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inflammation:<\/strong>&nbsp;PMA can induce inflammation. This effect is thought to be mediated by the activation of genes that promote inflammation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Differentiation of THP-1 Cells<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The human monocytic cell line, THP-1, is the most widely used cell line for&nbsp;<em>in vitro<\/em>&nbsp;studies investigating primary human macrophage function. &nbsp;The reason is that&nbsp;following the differentiation of THP-1 cells using PMA, they acquire a macrophage-like phenotype, which mimics in many respects, primary human macrophages (M0 macrophages). PMA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which is a key regulator of macrophage differentiation. When PMA is added to THP-1 cells, it causes them to express the surface markers CD14, CD16 and CD68, which are characteristic of M0 macrophages. PMA also induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by M0 macrophages. Further treatment with PMA can activate M0 macrophages and differentiate them into M1 or M2 macrophages.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Activation of M0 Macrophages<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>M0 macrophages are a type of macrophages that are not yet fully activated.&nbsp;They are characterised by their expression of a variety of surface markers, including CD14, CD16 and CD68. M0 macrophages are also able to produce a variety of cytokines, including IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The addition of PMA M0 macrophages activates them through PKC activation. Consequently, activated M0 macrophages undergo a number of changes, including the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased production of reactive oxygen species, increased phagocytic activity and increased migration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PMA can induce the differentiation of M0 macrophages into M1 macrophages, which are pro-inflammatory cells that play a role in fighting infection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PMA can also induce the differentiation of M0 macrophages into M2 macrophages, which are anti-inflammatory cells that play a role in tissue repair.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PMA can increase the production of reactive oxygen species by M0 macrophages, which can help to kill bacteria and other pathogens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PMA can increase the phagocytic activity of M0 macrophages, which allows them to engulf and destroy foreign particles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PMA can increase the migration of M0 macrophages, which allows them to travel to the site of infection or injury.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The differentiation of THP-1 cells into M0 macrophages is a complex process,&nbsp;important for the immune response to infection and injury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literature References:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol style=\"font-size:16px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In vitro studies on the mode of action of the phorbol esters, potent tumor promoters: part 1: P.M. Blumberg; Crit. Rev. Toxicol.&nbsp;<strong>8,<\/strong>&nbsp;153 (1980)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In vitro studies on the mode of action of the phorbol esters, potent tumor promoters: part 2: P.M. Blumberg; Crit. Rev. Toxicol.&nbsp;<strong>8,<\/strong>&nbsp;199 (1981)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The choice of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate differentiation protocol influences the response of THP-1 macrophages to a pro-inflammatory stimulus: M.E. Lund, et al.; J. Immunol. Methods&nbsp;<strong>430,<\/strong>&nbsp;64 (2016)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Standardized protocols for differentiation of THP-1 cells to macrophages with distinct M(IFN\u03b3+LPS), M(IL-4) and M(IL-10) phenotypes: E.W. Baxter, et al.; J. Immunol. Methods&nbsp;<strong>478,<\/strong>&nbsp;112721 (2020)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Other names:&nbsp;TPA; 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>PMA is the most common phorbol. It is a potent tumour promoter and highly inflammatory in nature.&nbsp;It is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), a family of enzymes that play a role in many cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. It is a&nbsp;standard reagent for THP1 cell differentiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=461751&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CN2-0010\">AG-CN2-0010<\/a> (1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 25 mg, BULK)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AdipoGen Life Sciences is an original Manufacturer of high-purity PMA.&nbsp;BULK quantities are available from Stock!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 40%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Product Specifications:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CAS<\/strong>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;16561-29-8<br><strong>Source<\/strong>:&nbsp; &nbsp;Semisynthetic<br><strong>Purity<\/strong>:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&gt;98% HPLC<br><strong>Identity<\/strong>:&nbsp; Determined by&nbsp;<sup>1<\/sup>H-NMR<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"674\" src=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-187-1024x674.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9779 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-187-1024x674.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-187-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-187-768x505.png 768w, https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-187.png 1436w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Small Molecule PKC Agonists\/Inducers\/Activators<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure style=\"font-size:16px\" class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Product Name<\/th><th>Product Code<\/th><th>Product Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Ingenol-3-angelate (I3A)<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=461758&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CN2-0012\">AG-CN2-0012<\/a><\/td><td>Specific PKC activator.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=461751&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CN2-0010\">AG-CN2-0010<\/a><\/td><td>Potent PKC activator.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PKC Antagonist\/Inhibitor\/Blocker<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure style=\"font-size:16px\" class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Product Name<\/th><th>Product Code<\/th><th>Product Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Staurosporine<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=466823&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CN2-0022\">AG-CN2-0022<\/a><\/td><td>Potent, cell-permeable, reversible, ATP-competitive broad spectrum PKC antagonist.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide I<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=461784&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0009\">AG-CR1-0009<\/a><\/td><td>Cell-permeable, selective PKC inhibitor (Ki = 10 nM).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide I . hydrochloride<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=466844&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0110\">AG-CR1-0110<\/a><\/td><td>Cell-permeable, selective PKC inhibitor (Ki = 10 nM), water-soluble.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide II<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=461786&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0010\">AG-CR1-0010<\/a><\/td><td>PKC antagonist.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide III<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=466846&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0112\">AG-CR1-0112<\/a><\/td><td>Potent and selective PKC inhibitor.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide IV<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=466848&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0152\">AG-CR1-0152<\/a><\/td><td>Cell-permeable PKC inhibitor.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide VIII . acetate<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=466852&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0114\">AG-CR1-0114<\/a><\/td><td>Selective PKC inhibitor.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide IX . methanesulfonate<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=466850&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0111\">AG-CR1-0111<\/a><\/td><td>Selective, cell-permeable PKC inhibitor.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide X . hydrochloride<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=466854&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0113\">AG-CR1-0113<\/a><\/td><td>Selective PKC inhibitor.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide XI . hydrochloride<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=466856&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0109\">AG-CR1-0109<\/a><\/td><td>Selective cell-permeable PKC inhibitor.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Calphostin C<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=681865&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CN2-0430\">AG-CN2-0430<\/a><\/td><td>Potent, highly specific, cell-permeable, light-dependent PKC antagonist.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Negative Controls for PKC Modulators<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure style=\"font-size:16px\" class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Product Name<\/th><th>Product Code<\/th><th>Product Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Bisindolylmaleimide V<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=461812&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CR1-0023\">AG-CR1-0023<\/a><\/td><td>Negative control for PKC inhibitors.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4\u03b1-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/pricing_ordering\/product_detail.php?CI_ID=622014&amp;group_1=All&amp;group_2=All&amp;supplier=39&amp;clonality=All&amp;host=All&amp;species=All&amp;applications=All&amp;regulatory_status=All&amp;searchwords=AG-CN2-0082\">AG-CN2-0082<\/a><\/td><td>Negative control for phorbol ester activation of PKC and studies with PMA.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a89b3969 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/adipogen.com\/phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-pma\" style=\"background-color:#ed028c\"><strong>Read About PMA on Adipogen&#8217;s Website<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/docs.php?Type=Documents&amp;Category=Small+Molecules&amp;Manufacturer_ID=39&amp;sortorder=ID&amp;sortdir=DESC&amp;searchterm=&amp;viewdocuments=\" style=\"color:#fbc100;background-color:#21318f\"><strong>View Flyers on Small Molecules<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);background-color:#21318f;color:#21318f\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Originally posted by Adipogen on: <a href=\"https:\/\/adipogen.com\/phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-pma\">https:\/\/adipogen.com\/phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-pma<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/\">Caltag Medsystems&nbsp;<\/a>is the distributor of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/adipogen\/\">Adipogen<\/a>&nbsp;products in the UK and Ireland. If you have any questions about these products, please&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/contact.php\">contact<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/contact.php\">us<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>AdipoGen Life Sciences is a manufacturer of high-purity PMA &#8211; the most common phorbol and a potent tumour promoter and highly inflammatory in nature.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":9783,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,10,18,1,622],"tags":[279,845],"class_list":["post-9777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apoptosis","category-cancer","category-cell-culture","category-general-information","category-inflammation","tag-adipogen","tag-pma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9777"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9777\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12137,"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9777\/revisions\/12137"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9783"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.caltagmedsystems.co.uk\/information\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}